Industrial fuel oil serves a vital purpose in many sectors of our economy. This refined petroleum product is commonly used to produce power for industrial operations, covering from manufacturing and construction to agriculture and energy production. The attributes of industrial fuel oil permit it a effective choice for these demanding applications

Sputtering is a widespread technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, specifically, has emerged as a leading method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with precise thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, ejecting atoms that then de